STAND: The brass tripod foot is an adaptation of a 4 1/2″ sector. A turned pillar rises 6 1/4″ from the sector center, terminating in a ball and socket joint with a slot cut away to permit upright position of the microscope. STAGE/SUBSTAGE: The modified Bonanni stage has a steel spring, two brass plates, and a third curved brass plate and leather pad to hold a slider or glass tube. A 3/4″ condenser lens exists at the screw barrel end; a 1 1/4″ condenser lens is mounted on the stand by a knuckle jointed arm. The 13/16″ single concave mirror on a gimbal attaches to the pillar. BODY: The screw barrel brass body consists of a threaded screw and hollow sleeve. The compound body is made of ivory. OCULAR: The compound body contains one ocular at the proximate end. OBJECTIVES: The screw-barrel has six simple lenses and one Lieberkuhn lens. The compound body contains one objective. ADJUSTMENT: Coarse adjustment is by means of a long screw and also with a draw tube for the compound instrument. ACCESSORIES: Accessories include brass tweezers, pencil brush, case for Lieberkuhn lens, ebony handle, extension of opaque objects, stage forceps, forceps plate, brass animalcule cage, and four ivory sliders. CASE: The black Moroccan skiver leather covered wooden case, 8 9/16″ L x 5″ W x 2 1/8″ H, is lined with dark green velvet. TOTAL HEIGHT: The compound microscope closed is 5 3/4″ long. The microscope on stand in horizontal position is 7 1/2″ tall. SIGNATURE/ENGRAVING: “Culpeper Fecit” is engraved on two folding arms of the sector stand. Engraved along the hollow screw-barrel sleeve is “Culpeper Fecit.”, and on the forceps plate, while on the other, Culpeper’s name is surrounded by a garland emblem. The sector stand has an ornamental motif at the base center. The simple lens mounts bear engraved numbers 1 through 6. The Replica Rara stamp and serial number is located on the underneath side of a sector foot. Price: $2,400.00

STAND: The ornately engraved base plate, supported by three 1/2″ feet, forms the mounting base for 3 scrolled brass legs 4 1/8″ tall. A brass ring receives the legs and is a seat for the turned wooden section on which the body sits. STAGE/SUBSTAGE: A modified Bonanni type stage is fixed with 2 brass plates on both sides of a central curved plate. A set of leaf springs are riveted to press against their respective set of brass plates located below. A 15/16″ diameter plano convex lens screws into the brass and wooden mount in the optical axis. The plane oval mirror is on a gimbal hanging from the curved brass arm. BODY: The screw-barrel incorporates a 1 7/8″ plain brass tube and two open brass sleeves which slide over the inner tube. A brass tube, 1 3/4″ long, with a wooden eye piece, forms a compound body. It screws to the upper end of the screw-barrel body when a single lens is in place. OCULAR: The compound body wooden mount has a 3/8″ diameter ocular. OBJECTIVES: Any of the 5 simple objectives in brass mounts or the Lieberkuhn lens screw into the screw-barrel sleeve. ADJUSTMENT: Coarse adjustment is obtained by sliding the middle sleeve on the inner tube; a thumb screw sets its position. The Cuff-like screw actually has a two start thread which gives rather rapid movement to the outer sleeve. ACCESSORIES: Accessories consist of a fish tube, stage forceps, micrometer with a wire 1/60 inch, carrier for forceps or micrometer, pencil brush, 4 ivory sliders, and a pair of tweezers. CASE: The wooden case (10 5/8″ H) with a decorative latch, has a bottom accessory drawer and 2 small top drawers. TOTAL HEIGHT: Simple microscope is 8 1/4″ tall; compound is 10 3/4″. SIGNATURE/ENGRAVING: “W.R. Fecit” is engraved along the outer sleeve. Each objective is engraved with a Roman numeral 1 through 5. The Replica Rara stamp and serial number are engraved underneath the triangular base plate. The serial number is also etched underneath the brass mounting ring. Price: $1,950.00

STAND: The instrument foot, a 6 3/8″ square box with accessory drawer, is made of oak, veneered with mahogany. The base pedestal, a composite brass pillar 9 7/8″ tall, has a body mounting arm, 3 1/8″ long, with a ring at the end. STAGE/SUBSTAGE: The fixed stage of a Maltese cross shape, has a 1 1/4″ central recessed aperture, plus two stage openings, and two substage clips for accessories. A 1 3/4″ single concave mirror is set in the optical axis. BODY: The 4″ tall body, with 2 1/2″ long nosepiece, has three ornamental ridges. The eyepiece has a sliding dust cap. OCULAR: The ocular is a biconvex doublet eye lens of 11/16″ diameter and a second 1 1/4″ diameter lens located near the middle ridge. The biconvex field lens is also 1 1/4″. OBJECTIVES: There are six objectives in brass mounts. ADJUSTMENT: Coarse adjustment is made by a sliding motion of the composite pillar. A long fine thread screw connecting the sliding block with the body mount arm gives fine adjustment. ACCESSORIES: Accessories are a Bonanni stage, light cone, black and white ivory disc, 3 glass plates, Lieberkuhn sleeve and reflector, stage forceps, bull’s eye condenser, live box, ebony mounted flea glass, fish plate, tweezers, 8 ivory talc boxes and a cleaning wire. CASE: The mahogany case (16 3/4″ tall) with bottom drawer has a trade card in the back giving Cuff’s address after 1757. TOTAL HEIGHT: The box foot base and closed instrument are 13″ tall. SIGNATURE/ENGRAVING: Numbers 1 through 6 are engraved on the objectives and along the right hand side of the front pillar. Circling the central stage aperture is the inscription “J CUFF Londini Invt. & Fecit.” The Replica Rara stamp and serial number appear on the pillar back.

STAND: The object is held with forceps which inserts into a brass fitting on the hinged compass arm. The forceps is turned by an L-shaped brass handle. BODY: The body, consisting of a brass circular ring, is mounted on a curved brass arm 3″ long. A brass eyepiece, coated black on the eye side, screws into the circular ring. LENSES: Four Lieberkuhn lenses screw into the eyepiece. Each lens is matched in focal length with its coin silver concave mirror. ADJUSTMENT: Fine focusing is achieved by turning the knurled knob to adjust the distance between the compass arms. ACCESSORIES: Accessories include a hand magnifying lens, in a lignum vitae mount, and brass tweezers. CASE: The rectangular mahogany case, 7 1/2″ L x 2 7/8″ W x 1 11/16″ H, is fitted and lined in chamois leather. TOTAL HEIGHT: Overall length with handle is 6 3/4″. SIGNATURE/ENGRAVING: The Replica Rara stamp and serial number is located on the inside surface of the hinged compass arm. Price: $625.00

STAND: The microscope is formed by three turned wooden components: the simple round base, pillar, and an objective lens holder. STAGE: A pointed brass needle serves as the specimen mount. The coil of brass wire from which the point extends can be moved by delicate finger pressure to adjust the lens focus. OCULAR: The simple biconvex lens is mounted in the depression of a turned wooden ocular and secured in place with a brass ring. ADJUSTMENTS: In use the microscope is held between the thumb and forefingers. Fine focus is achieved by depressing the spring needle specimen mount while holding the instrument before the eye. TOTAL HEIGHT: Overall microscope height is 3 1/8 inches. Price: $180.00

Hooke’s philosophy is clearly revealed in the opening words of the preface: “It is the great prerogative of mankind above other creatures, that we are not only able to behold the works of nature or barely to sustain our lives by them, but that we have also the power of considering, comparing altering, assisting, and improving them to various uses.” Hooke calls attention to the need of “rectifying the operation of the senses, the memory, and reason.” He then explains how this can be accomplished; The senses can be expanded through the extension of sight by the use of his newly designed and improved microscope; The memory is improved with his minutely detailed engraved illustrations; And the power of reason is demonstrated by recording his observations and queries, thereby revealing scientific truths and facts.

Beginning with chapter 1, Hooke systematically examines common materials and compares the unaided view with the expanded view of the magnifying glass. He notes the imperfections of man-made objects, and contrasts them with the infinite perfection of natural objects. Hooke applies his scientific method to the properties of matter, from solid to fluid. He deducts that fluidity is a property given to finely divided matter and that solubility is a property of like matter and density, i.e. oil and water. He concludes that fluidity is like fine sand vibrating on the head of a drum. A piece of cork will float to the top of the energized sand particles, while a piece of lead will move to the bottom. Hooke never ceases to observe. Whenever his eyes were open, the world around him was a laboratory. Whatever was at hand, he observed its properties. If it was snowing, or there was frost on glass, he observed the flakes and crystals. In this book, Hooke questions form, origin, and the relationship of one observation to another as he examines, describes, and comments upon a broad variety of mineral, plant and animal materials. Micrographia is a fascinating and rewarding account of a significant time in scientific history. Price: $75.00

For example, he description of “Animalcules in the Teeth”: “Though no Animalcules can be found in Saliva or Spittle, great Numbers of different Kinds may be discovered in the whitish Matter sticking between the Teeth; if it be picked out with a Pin or Needle, mixt with a little Rain-Water and Spittle without bubbles, and applied before the Microscope. And sometimes they are so incredibly numerous, and so full of Motion, that the whole Mass appears alive.” Baker also demonstrates his precise and clearly understood “how to” explanation of an instrument. His description of the form and use of the Wilson Single pocket microscope is clearly written and easy to follow. It is interesting to compare his writing about this instrument with that of the inventor, Wilson, which is also included in this volume. Baker also gives equally exact descriptions and instructions for the use of the double reflecting microscopes by Culpeper, Scarlet and Marshal; the Solar or Camera Obscura microscope; and Lieberkuhn’s Opake hand microscope. Baker even provides instructions as to the proper state of mind when using the microscope. “when employing the microscope, shake off all Prejudice, nor harbour any favorite opinions; for, if you do, it is not unlikely Fancy will betray you into Error, and make you think you see what you would wish to see.” “Remember, that truth also is the matter that you are in search after; and if you have been mistaken, let no Vanity seduce you to persist in your mistake.” Baker closes with “Some Reasonable Reflections on Discoveries made by the Microscope.” He concludes that the “progress in Nature is so very gradual, that the whole chasm, from a Plant to a Man, is filled up with divers kinds of Creature, rising one over another by such a gentle and easy ascent, that the little transitions and Deviations from on Species to another are almost insensible. And the intermediate Space is so well husbanded and managed, that there is scarce a Degree of Perception which does not appear in some one Part of the World of Life.” Bound into this volume is the short descriptive essay and illustrated instructions for the use of the simple Pocket Microscope. Titled Pocket Microscopes this rare brochure by James Wilson was first published in 1706. Baker also speaks clearly on the use of this early popular instrument. Only 22 left! Price: $60.00

The first thirteen chapters are devoted to the description of the Aquatic Larvae of Insects, Crustacea, and Animalcules. The reader must consider them merely as popular outlines of their general characters, chiefly collected from the Author’s own observations. This was considered preferable to a scientific display of terms, or a lengthened history, which many persons might not be disposed to follow. To each of these classes are prefixed, for the information of the general reader, a few cursory remarks on their arrangement, &c. The descriptions of the Living Objects are followed by that of the Jewelled Microscope. This chapter is succeeded by an account of a Microscope which has been found, from actual experience, to be well suited for all general purposes: its construction is simple, it is easily managed, and with ordinary care is not liable to derangement.” The importance of certain objects in determining the qualities for Microscopes and Engiscopes (compound microscopes) is now duly acknowledged, and as no complete account of these Tests at present exists, it is hoped that a full description of them will be found useful: but to render the subject complete in a scientific view, Dr. Goring has given a Memoir on an Exact Method of ascertaining the Quality of Microscopes and Engiscopes. Of this method, which as hiterto been a secret known only to very few persons, its value may be somewhat appreciated when it is stated that no perfect achromatic microscope has been produced without it; and although they have been known to the public for some time, and profound mathematicians have assiduously employed their talents in the investigation of the conditions necessary for obtaining achromatism and aplanatism, yet no perfect instrument has been produced excepting by the means given in this memoir. The other memoir by Dr. Goring, “on the Verification of Microscopic Phenomena,” contains the sum and substance of microscopic science: it is condensed into short aphorisms, but I think will be found on attentive perusual to contain all that is essential to a practical knowledge of the subject. Only 5 left! Price: $65.00

An excellent review of ancient literature traces the history of the magnifying lens, or burning lens, from Aristophanes in 500 B.C. to Seneca in A.D. 65, Pling in A.D. 79, Ptolemy in A.D. 100, then on to Bacon in 1551, Fontana in 1618, and Drebbel in 1621. Quekett then moves on to the celebrated Robert Hooke in 1667, discussing the work presented in Micrographia. He then weaves an accurate and well-written history of the development of the microscope through the next 150 years. The author’s valuable and lucid chronology for the solution to chromatic distortion in the objective lens systems of the compound microscope is a classic.

He relates that this problem was first described by Chester More Hall of Essex in 1729. In 1747, Euler experimented and produced an achromatic object glass. In England, Dollond was stimulated by the work of Isaac Newton on color dispersion of white light to do experiments that produced color corrected telescopes but not microscopes. Chevalier, in France, reported on a 1774 article from St. Petersburg that provided detailed instruction to form an object glass of three elements the first and third of crown glass and the second of flint. Further, Quekett relates that in 1812, Sir David Brewster rendered both simple and compound instruments achromatic by the use of an immersion oil bridge between the objective front lens element and the specimen being examined, and at about the same time, Professor Amici of Modina was experimenting to improve the image. His work passed on to Goring and Cuthbert, who improved upon his design by producing a reflector-based achromatic microscope. Finally, Quekett reports that in 1829, Joseph Jackson Lister Esq. read his paper to the Royal Society in which he described the method of making the most improved achromatic objective lens systems. This book then describes a number of microscopes and instruments using beautiful woodcut illustrations. Detailed descriptions of the rationale and function for each instrument are also provided. Part two of this treatise provides detailed instructions on the use of the microscope. Quekett explains how to create optimum illustration with carious lenses, substance conditions, and lamp relationships. He then provides various methods for preparing specimens for microscopic examination. This book is a classic of the mid-19th century and a model for contemporary text design. Only 17 left! Price: $75.00

The object-glass screws, and the eyepiece slides, into opposite ends of a tube termed the ‘body’, and upon the union of the two the magnifying power depends. The microscope-stand is an arrangement for carrying the body; and is combined with a stage for holding or giving traverse to an object, and a mirror or some other provision for illumination.” He then describes each part individually: Microscope Stands, The Stage, The Mirror, The Substage, Revolving and Folding Bases, The Eyepiece, The Object-glasses, The “Universal Screw”, and The 1/20th Object-Glass.

Beck goes on to describe the proper operation of the microscope, beginning with the management of light. He explains the methods of transmitted illumination – how to use the mirror, the diaphragm, the achromatic condenser, tests for object-glasses, adjustments for high powers, tests with the Podura-scale, methods of measuring aperture, “lined objects” as tests, Nobert’s lines, and oblique illumination. He then explains the methods of illumination from above – how to use the slide condensing lenses, the slide silver reflector, the Lieberkuhns, forceps, and the opaque disk-revolver. Beck continues by providing specific instructions on viewing test object such as the splinter of a Lucifer match, the Podura-scale, the tarsus of a spider, the feather of a pigeon, and the Arachnoidiscus Japonicus. Another section of the book discusses polarized light as applied to the microscope. Specific methods are detailed, including the use of Nicol’s prism, the selenite plate, Darker’s retarding-plates of selenite, Darker’s selenite stage, tourmalines, polarizers for large objects, experiments with double-image prisms, and crystals to show rings. Beck also describes and explains Wenham’s binocular body for achromatic microscopes. He defends binocular vision and praises Wenham for making a major contribution to microscopy. Sundry apparatus is also described, including live-boxes and troughs, the screw live-box, lever compressors, Wenham’s compressor, reversible compressors, the frog plate, the camera lucida, micrometers, Quekett’s indicator, double and quadruple nosepieces, Leeson’s goniometer, Maltwood’s finder, and microscope lamps and tables. In addition, Beck also discusses the third class microscope for students, the universal microscopes, and single microscopes and magnifiers. Finally, he describes various instruments used in preparing objects, instruments and materials used in mounting objects, and microscopic cabinets. This classic text is the most complete and detailed description of the component parts and functions of a “modern” compound microscope. Only 4 left! Price: $60.00

It outlines the evolution of microscopy as a series of solutions to specific problems or needs. Each of the methods described is such a solution. The entire second chapter is devoted to fixing agents. Thirty-nine individual instructions and formulae are given along with a philosophical bases of the work. The next 15 chapters describe a wide variety of stains and staining procedures, each with a unique affinity and purpose. Chapter 18 then discusses hardening agents, with 15 process and formula results. Lee describes the impact of the introduction of paraffin infiltration methods. “Methods of embedding have now been brought to such a degree of perfection that the thorough hardening of soft tissues that was formerly necessary in order to cut thin section from them is now, in the majority of cases, no longer necessary.” In Chapter 19, Lee presents the theory of embedding, and comments on the use of the microtome. He goes into great detail in discussing the needs and means to provide fine quality tissue sections of minute thickness. The following chapters include discussions on fusion, congelation, coagulation, and evaporation embedding-masses. Capters are also included on: Serial Section Mounting, Clearing Agents, Examination Media, Cements, and Varnishes, Injection-Masses, Maceration and Corrosions, Decalcification, Descilicification, and Bleaching, Cytological Methods, Embryological Methods, Integument and Tactile Organs of Vertabrata, Retina of Vertabrata, Inner Ear of Vertabrata, Nerve-Endings in Muscle, Medullated Nerve, Myelon, Connective Tissues, Blood, Gland and Lymphatics, Mollusca, Arthropoda, Vermes, Colenterata and Porifera, Protista, and Varia. The utility and appropriateness of many of these prcedures have survived into the most modern 20th century microscopic laboratories. Only 8 left! Price: $65.00

The author has made an exhaustive and scholarly review of all literature relevant to the history of microtechnique, concentrating on animal tissues and giving only incidental consideration to botanical or mineral specimens. He begins with a brief survey of microtechnique before 1830. “The first microscopists were preoccupied with making their microscopes, and paid less attention to specimens, once attention was directed towards it by a lens. Relatively little was written at this time.” In the third chapter, Bracegirdle provides a select descriptive bibliography covering the works on microtechnique from 1830 through 1910. Then, in chapter 4, he describes the substances used in microtechnique during the same period, concentrating mostly on the latter part from the mid-1880s to 1910. “It was only gradually that specimen preparation became anything other than totally rule-of-thumb. Until the microscope was improved optically the imperfections of preparative techniques would not have been obvious.” Chapter 5 consists of a survey of instruments used in microtechnique from 1830 to 1910. The standardization of slides is discussed, as well as the development of the microtome, the freezing microtome, and ancillary embedding equipment. Chapter 6 contains notes on commercial mounters. “unarguably, the Victorian era was the golden age of microscopy. The development of the instrument itself was paralleled by equally far-reaching advances in techniques of specimen preparation, as we have seen; and in addition there was an amateur interest in the microscope which was important commercially, quite apart from any contribution which it made to scientific progress.” Bracegirdle’s work is concluded with a history of microscopy, microtomy, and histology. He also includes a brief chapter on the significance of the contributions made by three men: Leeuwenhoek, Hill and Quekett. Only 7 left! Price: $75.00

McCormick begins with a brief, general history of microscopes of the 17th and 18th centuries. He discusses the significance of the microscope relative to the inventions of other machines and instruments of the period – especially the telescope.

In chapter 2, McCormick reviews the development of the concepts that relate to the optics of the microscope. He writes about magnification, refraction, diffraction and interference, refraction and dispersion, and reflection. “It is a curious fact,” he states, “that nearly 300 years elapsed between the invention of the eyeglasses, which use lenses to improve the sight of the human eye, and the earliest production of optical instruments, the telescope and the microscope. The thought of making a small, short focal length, hard lens, which is what constitutes the simple microscope, simply had not occurred to anyone.” In the next five chapters, McCormick talks about the development of the simple and compound microscopes. He focuses on the problems faced by both users and designers of these instruments, and the attempts to solve the problems by invention and, in some cases, by accident. He discusses the development of the compass microscope and the Lieberkuhn reflector. He continues with the evolution of the compound microscope, highlighting the contributions of Edmund Culpeper and James Wilson with their screw-barrel designs. McCormick then goes into some detail about the modifications that were applied to the basic designs. He discusses the Edinburgh Wilson Screw-Barrel Microscope, the Solar Microscope, the Double Reflection Microscope, and the Culpeper-type Microscope. Finally, McCormick describes the development in 1744 of the Cuff-type Microscope, which is the forerunner of the modern microscope. “Mechanically, this instrument is far superior to any of its predecessors. Its advent ushered in a new trend in microscope design. All major instrument makers copied or made slight alterations and modifications to Cuff’s model. His fundamental structural plan prevailed for some 50 to 60 years.” He closes with a detailed description and use of a Cuff Microscope. This book is important in understanding the assembly and function of many accessories or attachments to evolving microscopes. Only 8 left! Price: $60.00

Only 5 left! Price: $440.00

The Atlas Catalogue of Replica Rara Ltd. Antique Microscopes (1675-1840) is a rare book in time. This handsome and informative special edition includes twenty full page color portraitsof the complete Science Heritage Ltd. Microscope Collection. Each microscope portrait includes all of theinstrument’s important attachments and accessories. Accompanying text description is written by Gerard L’E Turner, Associate Curator of the Museum of Science at Oxford University. An introduction to the collection and brief chronological history of microscopes is offered by J.B. McCormick, M.D.

Price: $47.50

Price: $32.50

John Benjamin Dancer was an optician who lived most of his life in Mancester, England. He was distinguished as a lecturer/scientist and was the inventor of microphotography. The Dancer microscopic photographs averaged 1/8″ in diameter and were produced as a scientific entertainment novelty to be viewed through a microscope or magnifying glass also produced and sold by Dancer. The volume of The Microscopic Photographs of J. B. Dancer brings together for the first time a nearly complete representation of the of the 1873 Dancer collection. Also included are production slides and biographical information on each microscopic photograph.

Price: $97.50

STAND: A rectangular mounting pillar is attached to the base (an octagonal hardwood drawer cabinet, 5 7/8″ x 8″, with the top surface veneered in birds eye maple) by a ball and socket joint which permits inclination of the pillar and body. STAGE/SUBSTAGE: The stage has a circular brass plate, 1 7/8″ diameter, with a turned ledge into which a black and white ivory plate fits. It is mounted at the end of a brass U-shaped arm which fits between a clamping but and shoulder above the ball and socket joint. This arrangement maintains the object in the optic axis on inclination. A biconvex condenser lens, 13/16″ in diameter, is attached to the side of the base with a jointed arm. BODY: The cardboard body tube, 3 5/8″ i.d. diameter, is covered with green shagreen (Dasyatis). The inside cardboard draw tube, 4 1/4″ long, is covered with a dark green leather. OCULAR: The turned wooden eyepiece contains a biconvex field lens, 2 1/4″ diameter, and a biconvex ocular, 1 3/8″ diameter. OBJECTIVES: Any of the six objectives in brass mounts, screw onto the threaded brass nose piece, 1 1/2″ long. ADJUSTMENT: The coarse adjustment is accomplished by a sliding movement of the pillar sleeve, with fixation set by a jam screw. A fine adjustment screw moves the secondary adjustment pillar sleeve. ACCESSORIES: Accessories include a fish plate, leaded coffin to confine fish, brass tweezers, stage forceps, flea glass in ivory box, and an ebony specimen holder. TOTAL HEIGHT: The microscope is 17 1/2″ tall in close upright position. SIGNATURE/ENGRAVING: Both pillar and objectives are engraved with the numbers 1 to 6; pillar marks indicate positions for the objective powers.

STAND: From a dark hardwood circular base rise three turned brass pillars supporting the threaded horn collar which receives the nosepiece. STAGE: For transparent specimens, the object is placed over the hole in the base and viewed by holding the microscope to a light source. For opaque specimens, an ivory disc is placed in the hole and the specimen placed on the disc. BODY: The outer pasteboard body tube is covered with red morocco, the inner with green vellum. Both are decorated with gold impressed tooling. OCULAR(S): A biconvex field lens is located at the top of the inner tube. The outer tube carries a wooden eye piece in which is a single lens. OBJECTIVES: A single objective in wooden mount is screwed to the end of the nosepiece. Four additional objectives are supplied in a circular box which screws onto the eyepiece when the microscope is not in use. ADJUSTMENT: The microscope is focused by screwing the 2″ long threaded nosepiece in and out of the collar. CASE: The circular cardboard case, 13 3/4″ tall, is covered with red morocco and decorated in gold impressed tooling. TOTAL HEIGHT: The microscope stands 11″ tall (nosepiece screwed all the way in) without its storage box top and 12″ with the box top.

STAND: A circular brass base, 3 1/8″ in diameter, is mounted on a hardwood box foot. Two sets of S-curved ornate legs dominate the microscope’s physical design. The lower set rises 2 1/2″ to support the platform stage. The upper set extends 1 5/8″ from the stage to the bottom of the body mounting ring. STAGE/SUBSTAGE: The stage, 2 1/2″ diameter, has a central recessed aperture, a small side aperture, a keyhole, and two substage clips for accessories. A single concave mirror, 1 1/4″ diameter, is mounted on gimbal and post in the base center. BODY/BODY MOUNTING: A brass ring, mounted on the legs, receives the outer body tube, 3 1/3″ tall. The draw tube slides into the outer tube. OCULAR(S): The ocular consists of a 1 3/16″ field lens and a doublet eye lens. All three lenses are biconvex. The upper doublet is 9/16″ and lower 5/8″; 1/4″ separates the the doublets. OBJECTIVES: There are four objectives ranging from low to high power. ADJUSTMENT: Coarse adjustment is achieved by means of the draw tube. ACCESSORIES: Accessories consist of two ivory sliders, 1 corked glass tube, brass tweezers, stage forceps with black and white disc, live box, fish plate, and a Bonanni spring stage. CASE: A plexiglass covering sits on the hardwood box foot. TOTAL HEIGHT: The closed microscope is 10″ tall; 11 5/8″ with box case. SIGNATURE/ENGRAVING: Objectives are engraved with numbers 1 to 4. The draw tube is also marked with numbers 1 to 4. Price: $2,100.00

STAND: The microscope is held up to the eye using the thumb screw. STAGE: A pointed rod 1/4″ long for mounting specimens is screwed into a 13/16″ long metal block or stage. BODY: The simple lens is mounted between two thin sterling silver oblong plates 15/16″ by 1 7/8″ at their greatest dimensions. OCULAR: The simple biconvex lens is clamped in a concavity formed between the plates and secured by four equidistant rivets. ADJUSTMENTS: A screw, 13/32″ long, aligns the stage and object with the lens while a thumb screw on the eye side pivots the metal plates giving lateral motion. Focusing is achieved by a second thumb screw which passes through the stage at one end and presses against the plane of the oblong plates. Turning the knob of the object holder acts as a further focusing mechanism. CASE: The plexi-glass mount and case, provided with a wooden base with mirrored top surface, is 3 1/4″ square and 6″ tall. TOTAL HEIGHT: Overall microscope length, with object spike in position before the lens, is 3″. SIGNATURE/ENGRAVING: The Replica Rara stamp is located at the base to the two oblong plates and to the right of the long focusing screw.

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